Apple Pay Casino UK: Where Contactless Deposits Meet Real Maths

Apple Pay landed on UK casino cashiers around 2019 and never left. By early 2026 it is one of the fastest deposit rails on the market, sitting alongside Open Banking and PayPal. The appeal is obvious: no card numbers typed in, Face ID confirmation, money in the account in seconds. What is less obvious is how much the payment method actually costs you in expected value terms once you start comparing welcome offers and wagering requirements.

This guide takes a different route from the usual listicles. Rather than ranking sites by bonus headline size, we run the numbers. We look at what Apple Pay deposits actually do to your bankroll, how operator licensing affects the real return you get, and which of the 90-plus UK-facing brands genuinely handle Apple Pay well. Some numbers will surprise you. Most will not flatter the offshore operators.

One thing worth stating plainly at the top: Apple Pay is not a gambling product. It is a payment layer. The casino behind it decides whether you get paid, how fast, and under what terms. Apple's role ends the moment your £20 leaves the wallet. That distinction matters more than most players realise.

How Apple Pay Casino Deposits Actually Work in the UK

Apple Pay is a tokenised card system. When you add a debit card to the Wallet app, Apple generates a device-specific number (a DAN) that replaces your real card number at the point of sale. The casino never sees your actual 16-digit card. Neither does the payment processor handling the transaction. That is the entire security pitch, and it holds up.

For UK casinos, Apple Pay runs over the same card rails as a normal Visa or Mastercard debit. The difference is speed and the way the transaction is authenticated. Face ID or Touch ID replaces 3D Secure, which shaves several seconds off the deposit flow and, crucially, removes the redirect to your bank's verification page. In practice, deposits land in your casino balance in under 5 seconds on most UK-licensed sites.

There is a catch that catches new players out. Apple Pay deposits are typically processed as card transactions, which means some operators apply card-related restrictions. A handful of UK brands still block Apple Pay funding from qualifying for welcome bonuses, treating it the same way they treat Skrill and Neteller. Always check the bonus terms before you deposit, not after.

Is Apple Pay Available at Every UK Casino?

No. Apple Pay coverage among UK-licensed operators sits at roughly 70 to 75 percent as of early 2026. The biggest names almost all support it. Smaller brands, especially those running older proprietary cashier systems, often do not. If Apple Pay matters to you, filter first and compare second.

What Are the Deposit Limits for Apple Pay at UK Casinos?

Minimum deposits usually sit between £5 and £10, with some brands going as low as £1. Maximum per-transaction limits range from £1,000 to £5,000, though most players will hit their own bank's daily card limit long before the casino's. Typical UK debit card daily limits run £1,000 to £2,500.

How Fast Are Apple Pay Withdrawals?

Withdrawals are where the story changes. You cannot withdraw to Apple Pay directly. Apple Pay is a funding method, not a payout destination. When you request a withdrawal, the casino sends funds back to the underlying debit card that funded your Apple Pay wallet, and that process takes anywhere from 1 hour to 3 working days depending on the operator.

Some UK brands, notably those running on modern payment stacks, process the casino-side approval in under 2 hours. Others sit on requests for 24 to 72 hours before releasing them. That delay is entirely operator policy, not a payment rail limitation. Anyone telling you Apple Pay withdrawals are instant is describing the wrong half of the transaction.

The Maths That Actually Matters: RTP, House Edge and Apple Pay Reality

Payment method has zero effect on the RTP of a slot or the house edge on a table game. That is worth repeating because marketing pages often imply otherwise. A 96.5 percent RTP Pragmatic Play slot pays the same whether you funded it with Apple Pay, PayPal or a bank transfer. The maths is baked into the game, not the cashier.

What payment method does affect is your effective bankroll, and therefore how long you can play. Faster deposits mean less time between deciding to play and playing, which is good for convenience and bad for impulse control. A 2024 UK Gambling Commission study found that players using instant payment methods deposit more frequently than card-entry players, though average deposit size drops. More small deposits, fewer large ones.

Here is where the pragmatist angle bites. If you deposit £50 five times a week via Apple Pay because it takes 4 seconds, that is £250 weekly, £13,000 annually. The same player forced through a 3-minute card entry process might deposit £100 twice a week instead. Same intent, very different exposure. Payment friction is a risk control, and Apple Pay removes it.

What RTP Should You Actually Look For in 2026?

Online slots at UK-licensed casinos typically run between 94 percent and 97 percent RTP. Anything below 94 percent is a red flag. The best-paying categories are usually Megaways titles from Big Time Gaming, Hacksaw Gaming originals and NetEnt classics, many of which sit at 96 percent or higher. Live dealer tables from Evolution run lower, usually 97 to 99 percent on baccarat but far less on side bets.

How Do Licensed and Unlicensed Casinos Compare on RTP?

This is where the analogy to unregulated financial products gets uncomfortable. A UK Gambling Commission licence requires operators to publish RTP data, submit games to independent testing (usually by eCOGRA, GLI or BMM Testlabs), and offer dispute resolution through an approved ADR provider. Offshore operators licensed in Curaçao or Anjouan face no such requirement.

In practice, the difference is measurable. Licensed UK slots average around 96 percent RTP. Some offshore sites run the same slot titles at reduced RTP settings, sometimes as low as 88 to 92 percent. The game looks identical. The maths is not. Over 1,000 spins at £1 stake, that gap costs you roughly £80 in expected value compared to the licensed version. Same game, same graphics, very different outcome.

That last row is not a coincidence. Apple Pay integration requires a UK or EU merchant account, which means the operator needs a UK-facing payment processor willing to onboard them. Most offshore brands cannot get one, so they push crypto, e-wallets or direct bank transfers instead. If a casino offers Apple Pay, it is almost always licensed in the UK.

Can You Calculate Your Expected Loss Before You Play?

Yes, and it takes 10 seconds. Take your average stake, multiply by spins per hour, multiply by the house edge. A £1 spin on a 96 percent RTP slot at 500 spins per hour gives you £500 wagered per hour and £20 expected loss. Do the same on an 88 percent offshore slot and you are losing £60 per hour. Same session, triple the cost.

The Top Apple Pay Casinos in the UK, Ranked Honestly

Rankings are always subjective. Ours weights three things: Apple Pay support quality (deposit speed, minimums, whether the method qualifies for bonuses), licensing and regulatory standing, and the real RTP of the game library. Bonus size is a tiebreaker, not the headline. All operators below hold a UK Gambling Commission licence unless explicitly noted otherwise.

1. Bet365 Casino

Apple Pay works cleanly here, deposits clear in seconds, and the £10 minimum is standard. Bet365's game library leans on Playtech and its own proprietary titles, with RTPs published and mostly in the 95 to 96.5 percent range. Welcome offer is modest by market standards but the wagering terms are clearer than most. Withdrawals via the underlying card typically land within 1 to 2 hours.

2. William Hill Casino

One of the oldest UK-facing brands and still one of the most reliable for Apple Pay. Deposits carry no fee, minimum is £5, and the cashier handles Apple Pay natively rather than routing it through a third-party wallet. Game library is heavily weighted to NetEnt and Red Tiger. RTPs published on every slot. Bonus terms apply Apple Pay normally, which is not universal.

3. Sky Vegas Casino

Sky Vegas has built its reputation on slots exclusives and it holds up. Apple Pay is fully supported, minimum deposit £5, and the bonus welcome package is one of the more generous on the UK market. Watch the wagering requirement, currently 40x on the bonus. RTPs on Sky's exclusive titles sit around 95.5 percent, which is fair rather than exceptional.

4. Ladbrokes Casino

Ladbrokes runs Apple Pay through its Entain-owned payment stack, which means deposits clear fast and withdrawals are processed within a few hours. The casino section is smaller than the sportsbook but the slot selection is solid, dominated by Microgaming, NetEnt and Pragmatic. Bonus wagering is 40x. Minimum Apple Pay deposit is £5.

5. Paddy Power Casino

Also Entain-owned, so the Apple Pay experience mirrors Ladbrokes. Paddy Power leans into entertainment branding but the cashier is serious. Deposits instant, minimum £5, withdrawals typically same-day if requested before 5pm. RTPs published. The welcome bonus has historically been one of the more restrictive on wagering, so read the small print.

6. Coral Casino

Coral, another Entain brand, offers identical Apple Pay mechanics. The casino library is smaller than Ladbrokes but the live dealer section is well-stocked with Evolution tables. Minimum Apple Pay deposit £5. Bonus terms 40x wagering on the bonus amount. Withdrawal speed has improved noticeably since 2024.

7. Betfred Casino

Family-run heritage, UK-licensed, Apple Pay supported. Betfred's casino section is not the flashiest but the game library is broad and RTPs are published. Minimum deposit £5, no fee. Bonus wagering 40x. Withdrawals to the underlying card usually within 24 hours. Solid mid-tier option.

8. 888 Casino

888 has been UK-licensed for years and runs Apple Pay through its own cashier. The welcome package is one of the larger ones on the market, but the wagering requirement is 40x on the bonus plus deposit in some variants, so read carefully. Game library is strong on proprietary titles and NetEnt. Withdrawals typically 1 to 3 working days.

9. LeoVegas Casino

Mobile-first design, which suits Apple Pay perfectly. Deposits are near-instant, minimum £10. LeoVegas has a strong slot library and publishes RTPs alongside each game. Withdrawal processing is one of the faster ones in the market, often within 2 hours. Bonus wagering is 40x. Apple Pay qualifies for the welcome offer.

10. MrQ Casino

MrQ is unusual in that it does not require a welcome bonus at all, instead running ongoing promotions. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10, deposits instant. The library leans on Pragmatic, Hacksaw and Nolimit City. RTPs are transparent. Withdrawals are typically processed within 1 to 4 hours, one of the better speeds on the UK market.

11. Betfair Casino

Betfair's casino runs on the Flutter/Entain-adjacent infrastructure and Apple Pay works without issue. Minimum deposit £5. The welcome bonus is competitive but wagering is 40x. Game library is broad, with Evolution live dealer tables a particular strength. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours.

12. Unibet Casino

Unibet is Kindred-owned, which means strict UK compliance and clean Apple Pay integration. Minimum deposit £10, deposits instant, no fees. The game library is one of the largest in the UK, and RTPs are published. Withdrawal times run 1 to 3 working days for card returns. Bonus wagering 35x, marginally better than the market standard.

13. Grosvenor Casinos

Grosvenor brings a land-based heritage to the online product. Apple Pay supported, minimum £5. The online library is smaller than pure-play online brands but the live dealer section is excellent, with Evolution and Playtech tables. RTPs published. Bonus wagering 40x.

14. Betway Casino

Betway's Apple Pay integration is clean, minimum deposit £10, deposits instant. The casino library is solid on Microgaming and NetEnt content. Withdrawals typically 1 to 2 working days. Bonus wagering 40x. No Apple Pay restrictions on bonus eligibility.

15. 32Red Casino

32Red has been a UK staple for two decades. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. The library is heavily Microgaming-weighted, with strong RTP transparency. Withdrawal processing is same-day if requested before 4pm. Bonus wagering 40x, and Apple Pay deposits count.

16. Casumo Casino

Casumo's gamified interface suits Apple Pay's fast flow. Minimum deposit £10, deposits instant. The slot library is broad, with strong representation from Pragmatic, Play'n GO and Nolimit City. RTPs published. Withdrawals typically 1 to 3 hours. Bonus wagering 30x, one of the lower requirements on the market.

17. PlayOJO Casino

PlayOJO does not do wagering requirements on its welcome offer, which is genuinely unusual. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. The library is large and RTPs are published. Withdrawals typically processed within 1 to 4 hours. If you hate wagering terms, this is the cleanest option on the list.

18. Virgin Games Casino

Virgin Games supports Apple Pay, minimum £10. The library is smaller than the big names but the slot selection covers the major studios. RTPs published. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours. Bonus wagering 40x. Solid if unspectacular.

19. Grosvenor's Sister Brand: Gala Casino

Gala runs on the same platform as Grosvenor, so Apple Pay works identically. Minimum £5, deposits instant. Library weighted toward Playtech and Evolution. RTPs published. Bonus wagering 40x.

20. Mr Vegas Casino

Mr Vegas supports Apple Pay with a £10 minimum. The library is enormous, spanning Pragmatic, Hacksaw, Nolimit City and more. RTPs published per game. Withdrawals typically within 24 hours. Bonus wagering 35x.

21. Grosvenor-Adjacent: Genting Casino

Genting brings a land-based heritage similar to Grosvenor. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. The online library is modest but the live dealer section is strong. RTPs published. Bonus wagering 40x.

22. BetMGM Casino

BetMGM's UK operation supports Apple Pay, minimum £10. The library leans on proprietary and Entain-partnered content. RTPs published. Withdrawals typically 1 to 3 working days. Bonus wagering 40x.

23. Kwiff Casino

Kwiff's "surge" mechanic on bets is unusual, but the casino product is standard. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. Library weighted to Pragmatic and Red Tiger. RTPs published. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours.

24. Lottomart Casino

Lottomart supports Apple Pay with a £10 minimum. The library is slot-heavy, with strong representation from Pragmatic and Hacksaw. RTPs published. Withdrawals typically 1 to 4 hours. Bonus wagering 35x.

25. All British Casino

UK-licensed and Apple Pay friendly, minimum £10. The library is smaller but curated, with RTPs published. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours. Bonus wagering 35x. A reasonable mid-tier option.

26. Pub Casino

Pub Casino supports Apple Pay, minimum £10. The library is modest but covers the major studios. RTPs published. Withdrawals typically 1 to 2 working days. Bonus wagering 40x.

27. Slots Temple

Unusual in that it offers free-play demos alongside real-money slots. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. RTPs published prominently, which is refreshing. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours. Bonus wagering 40x.

28. Videoslots

Videoslots has one of the largest slot libraries in the UK, over 4,000 titles. Apple Pay supported, minimum £10. RTPs published per game. Withdrawals typically 1 to 4 hours, one of the faster turnaround times. Bonus wagering 40x.

29. Casumo's Sister Brand: Duelz Casino

Duelz supports Apple Pay, minimum £10. The library is gamified with head-to-head slot duels. RTPs published. Withdrawals usually within 24 hours. Bonus wagering 35x.

30. SpinGenie Casino

SpinGenie supports Apple Pay, minimum £10. The library is slot-focused, with strong Pragmatic and NetEnt representation. RTPs published. Withdrawals typically 1 to 3 working days. Bonus wagering 40x.

Which of These Actually Handle Apple Pay Well?

The honest answer: the Entain-owned brands (Ladbrokes, Coral, Paddy Power, BetMGM) and the Flutter-owned brands (Sky Vegas, Betfair) run the cleanest Apple Pay stacks, because they invested in proprietary cashier infrastructure. Bet365 and LeoVegas are close behind. The smaller independents vary more, and a few technically "support" Apple Pay via a third-party wallet that adds 10 to 30 seconds to the deposit flow.

Apple Pay vs Other UK Casino Payment Methods

Apple Pay is not automatically the best choice. It is one of several fast-payment options, and the right pick depends on what you value. If you want speed and privacy, Apple Pay wins. If you want the widest withdrawal options and the best bonus eligibility, PayPal and Open Banking often edge it. If you want zero fees and direct bank settlement, Open Banking is hard to beat.

The pattern is clear. Apple Pay, PayPal, Open Banking and debit card all deposit in seconds. The differences show up on the withdrawal side, where PayPal and Open Banking typically clear faster than card returns. On bonus eligibility, e-wallets like Skrill and Neteller are the most commonly excluded, while Apple Pay and debit card are usually accepted.

Is Apple Pay Safer Than Entering Your Card Directly?

Yes, marginally. Apple Pay replaces your real card number with a device-specific token, so even if the casino's payment processor were breached, your actual card details would not be exposed. That is a genuine security gain. It does not protect you from the casino itself, though. A rogue operator can still refuse to pay, regardless of how you funded your account.

Does Apple Pay Work for Casino Withdrawals?

No. Apple Pay is a deposit-only method. When you withdraw, the casino returns funds to the underlying debit card that funded your Apple Pay wallet. That card return takes 1 to 3 working days on most operators, sometimes longer. Some UK brands process the casino-side approval in under 2 hours, but the bank-side settlement still takes time.

Are There Fees for Using Apple Pay at UK Casinos?

Not from the casino side. UK-licensed operators do not charge deposit or withdrawal fees for Apple Pay. Your bank may treat the transaction as a card payment, but UK debit card transactions to licensed gambling operators are not subject to cash advance fees. If you see a fee, it is coming from your bank, not the casino.

Responsible Gambling: The Numbers You Need to Know

Apple Pay removes friction. That is its main feature and its main risk. A deposit that takes 4 seconds is a deposit you can make without thinking. The same convenience that makes it great for buying coffee makes it dangerous for gambling, because gambling is the one purchase where speed works against you.

UK law sets the minimum gambling age at 18. If you or someone you know is struggling, the National Gambling Helpline is free on 0808 8020 133, open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. GamCare runs the line and offers online chat and face-to-face support across the UK.

Every UK-licensed operator must offer self-exclusion tools. The national scheme is GAMSTOP, a free service that blocks you from all UK-licensed gambling sites for a minimum of 6 months, extendable to 5 years. Registration takes about 5 minutes at gamstop.co.uk. If you self-exclude through GAMSTOP, every UK-licensed operator must honour it.

Deposit limits are the other tool worth using. UK-licensed casinos must offer daily, weekly and monthly deposit limits, and any reduction takes effect immediately. Increases typically require a 24-hour cooling-off period. Setting a £50 weekly limit before you deposit is far more effective than trying to stop mid-session.

What Are the Warning Signs of Problem Gambling?

Chasing losses, lying about time or money spent, borrowing to gamble, and gambling to escape stress are the four most common markers. If two or more apply to you, the pragmatic move is to set a deposit limit today and consider a GAMSTOP registration. The maths of problem gambling is brutal: losses compound, and no strategy reverses a negative expected value game.

How Do You Set a Deposit Limit on an Apple Pay Casino?

Every UK-licensed operator has deposit limits in the account settings or responsible gambling section. Set a daily, weekly and monthly cap. Reductions apply immediately, increases take 24 hours. Once set, Apple Pay deposits are blocked above the limit, which is exactly the friction you want. Do it before your first deposit, not after.

Frequently Asked Questions About Apple Pay Casinos

Is Apple Pay accepted at UK casinos?

Yes, at roughly 70 to 75 percent of UK-licensed operators. The biggest brands, including Bet365, William Hill, Sky Vegas, Ladbrokes, Paddy Power, Coral, 888, LeoVegas, Betfair and Unibet, all support it. Smaller independents vary. Apple Pay requires a UK or EU merchant account, so offshore operators rarely offer it.

Can I withdraw my winnings to Apple Pay?

No. Apple Pay is deposit-only. Withdrawals go back to the underlying debit card that funded your Apple Pay wallet. That card return typically takes 1 to 3 working days, though some UK brands process the casino-side approval in under 2 hours. Plan for the bank settlement time, not the casino approval time.

Does Apple Pay qualify for casino welcome bonuses?

Usually yes, but not always. Most UK-licensed operators count Apple Pay deposits toward welcome bonus eligibility. A minority treat it like Skrill or Neteller and exclude it. Always check the bonus terms before depositing. If the terms list "e-wallets" as excluded, Apple Pay may fall into that category at some operators.

Is Apple Pay safer than using my debit card directly?

Marginally, yes. Apple Pay replaces your card number with a device-specific token, so the casino never sees your real card details. If the processor were breached, your actual card would not be exposed. That said, Apple Pay does not protect you from a rogue operator refusing to pay, so licensing still matters more than payment method.

What is the minimum Apple Pay deposit at UK casinos?

Typically £5 to £10. Some brands go as low as £1 on selected promotions, while a few set the floor at £20. Maximum per-transaction limits run £1,000 to £5,000, though your bank's daily card limit usually caps you first. UK debit cards commonly have £1,000 to £2,500 daily limits.

Why do offshore casinos rarely accept Apple Pay?

Apple Pay requires a UK or EU merchant account, which means a payment processor willing to onboard the operator. Most offshore brands licensed in Curaçao or Anjouan cannot secure one, so they push crypto, e-wallets or direct bank transfers instead. If a casino offers Apple Pay, it is almost always UK-licensed.

Do Apple Pay casino deposits affect my credit score?

No. Apple Pay transactions run over debit card rails, and UK debit card gambling transactions are not reported to credit reference agencies. Even credit card gambling was banned in the UK in April 2020, so no UK-licensed operator can accept credit card deposits at all. Your credit file is not affected.

How much does Apple Pay cost the casino per transaction?

Apple does not charge the casino directly. The cost sits with the card issuer and the payment processor, typically 0.2 to 0.3 percent for UK debit card transactions under the EU interchange cap, which the UK retained post-Brexit. That is why Apple Pay deposits are usually free for you. The casino absorbs the processing cost.

Which Apple Pay casino has the fastest withdrawals?

LeoVegas, MrQ, PlayOJO, Videoslots and Casumo consistently process withdrawals within 1 to 4 hours on the casino side. The bank-side card return still takes 1 to 3 working days. Entain brands like Ladbrokes and Coral typically approve within a few hours but batch-release to the card network once daily.

Can I use Apple Pay on my iPhone at a casino?

Yes, and this is where it shines. Face ID or Touch ID confirms the deposit in under 2 seconds, no card details typed, no 3D Secure redirect. The deposit lands in your casino balance in under 5 seconds on most UK-licensed sites. It is the fastest deposit flow on the UK market, tied with Open Banking.

Is Apple Pay casino gambling legal in the UK?

Yes, entirely legal, provided the operator holds a UK Gambling Commission licence. Apple Pay itself is just a payment method. The legality depends on the casino, not the wallet. Any operator licensed by the UKGC can legally accept Apple Pay deposits from UK players, and all gambling winnings in the UK are tax-free.

What happens if my Apple Pay deposit fails?

Failed deposits are usually caused by insufficient funds, a bank-side block on gambling transactions, or a mismatch between the card registered to Apple Pay and the casino account name. Check your bank app first. If the transaction shows as pending but did not land in your casino balance, contact the casino's live chat with the transaction reference.

Do UK casinos charge fees for Apple Pay?

No. UK-licensed operators do not charge deposit or withdrawal fees for Apple Pay. Your bank may treat it as a standard card transaction, but UK debit card transactions to licensed gambling operators are not subject to cash advance fees. Any fee you see is coming from your bank, not the casino.

Which game providers work best with Apple Pay deposits?

Payment method does not affect game performance, but the best-value libraries at Apple Pay casinos come from Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Play'n GO, Hacksaw Gaming, Nolimit City, Big Time Gaming and Evolution. These studios publish RTPs and typically offer 96 percent or higher on their flagship slots.

Can I use Apple Pay with a credit card?

No. Since April 2020, UK-licensed casinos cannot accept credit card deposits. Apple Pay can technically be linked to a credit card, but the casino will reject the deposit. Only debit cards can be added to Apple Pay for gambling transactions at UK-licensed operators. If you try, the deposit will fail.

Is Apple Pay faster than PayPal at UK casinos?

Marginally. Apple Pay deposits clear in under 5 seconds via Face ID, while PayPal typically takes 5 to 10 seconds including login. On withdrawals, PayPal usually clears faster than card returns, often within 2 to 24 hours versus 1 to 3 working days for Apple Pay-funded withdrawals. Different tradeoffs.

Does Apple Pay work on Android at UK casinos?

No, Apple Pay is iOS-only. Android users have Google Pay, which works at most of the same UK-licensed operators. The deposit mechanics are similar: tokenised card, biometric confirmation, deposits clear in seconds. Coverage is comparable, roughly 70 to 75 percent of UK-licensed casinos.

The Bottom Line on Apple Pay Casinos in the UK

Apple Pay is a solid deposit method, not a strategy. It gets money into your casino account faster and with better security than typing card details, and it is almost exclusively available at UK-licensed operators, which is a decent quality filter in itself. What it does not do is change the maths of the games behind it.

The pragmatist's view is simple. Use Apple Pay if speed and privacy matter to you. Stick to UK-licensed sites, because the RTP gap between licensed and offshore slots is worth roughly 4 to 8 percentage points, which translates to real money over a year of play. Set a deposit limit before your first transaction, not after. And if the speed of Apple Pay starts working against you rather than for you, use the tools: deposit limits, GAMSTOP, and the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133.

Everything else is noise. The payment method is a 4-second transaction. The operator, the licence and the RTP are what actually decide whether your session ends in profit, and the maths has been clear on that since the first slot machine was built.